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FEMS Microbiology Reviews Mar 2024Bacterial pneumonia greatly contributes to the disease burden and mortality of lower respiratory tract infections among all age groups and risk profiles. Therefore,... (Review)
Review
Bacterial pneumonia greatly contributes to the disease burden and mortality of lower respiratory tract infections among all age groups and risk profiles. Therefore, laboratory modelling of bacterial pneumonia remains important for elucidating the complex host-pathogen interactions and to determine drug efficacy and toxicity. In vitro cell culture enables for the creation of high-throughput, specific disease models in a tightly controlled environment. Advanced human cell culture models specifically, can bridge the research gap between the classical two-dimensional cell models and animal models. This review provides an overview of the current status of the development of complex cellular in vitro models to study bacterial pneumonia infections, with a focus on air-liquid interface models, spheroid, organoid, and lung-on-a-chip models. For the wide scale, comparative literature search, we selected six clinically highly relevant bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus). We reviewed the cell lines that are commonly used, as well as trends and discrepancies in the methodology, ranging from cell infection parameters to assay read-outs. We also highlighted the importance of model validation and data transparency in guiding the research field towards more complex infection models.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Respiratory Tract Infections; Cell Culture Techniques
PubMed: 38409952
DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae007 -
Special Care in Dentistry : Official... 2005This article will critically review the evidence linking pneumonia to the aspiration of microbe-laden oropharyngeal secretions and tie that to the predisposition for... (Review)
Review
This article will critically review the evidence linking pneumonia to the aspiration of microbe-laden oropharyngeal secretions and tie that to the predisposition for these processes to affect dependent, medically compromised individuals. The goal of this review is to alert the reader to the role that oral disease and oral health play in fostering and preventing, respectively, widespread and potentially fatal pulmonary disease among high-risk individuals.
Topics: Cross Infection; Dental Plaque; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Mouth Diseases; Oral Hygiene; Pneumonia, Bacterial
PubMed: 16295222
DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-4505.2005.tb01647.x -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Apr 2011Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a serious condition associated with significant morbidity and potential long-term mortality. Although the majority of patients with... (Review)
Review
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a serious condition associated with significant morbidity and potential long-term mortality. Although the majority of patients with CAP are treated as outpatients, the greatest proportion of pneumonia-related mortality and healthcare expenditure occurs among the patients who are hospitalized. There has been considerable interest in determining risk factors and severity criteria assessments to assist with site-of-care decisions. For both inpatients and outpatients, the most common pathogens associated with CAP include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, group A streptococci and Moraxella catarrhalis. Atypical pathogens, Gram-negative bacilli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and viruses are also recognized aetiological agents of CAP. Despite the availability of antimicrobial therapies, the recent emergence of drug-resistant pneumococcal and staphylococcal isolates has limited the effectiveness of currently available agents. Because early and rapid initiation of empirical antimicrobial treatment is critical for achieving a favourable outcome in CAP, newer agents with activity against drug-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae and MRSA are needed for the management of patients with CAP.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Hospitalization; Humans; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Viral; Viruses
PubMed: 21482567
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr094 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Aug 2022Bacterial bronchopneumonia occurs in mature dairy cows but much of the information is extrapolated from knowledge of the disease in calves. The study was prompted by...
OBJECTIVE
Bacterial bronchopneumonia occurs in mature dairy cows but much of the information is extrapolated from knowledge of the disease in calves. The study was prompted by perceptions of an increasing occurrence and a paucity of information on fatal pneumonia in dairy cows in Ontario. The study objectives were to describe the seasonality, main pathogens involved, and suggested predisposing factors for cases of fatal bacterial bronchopneumonia in mature dairy cows submitted for postmortem examination to a diagnostic laboratory, and to evaluate if the frequency of such submissions has increased over time.
ANIMALS
Mature dairy cows.
PROCEDURE
Retrospective study of cases submitted for postmortem examination to a diagnostic laboratory from 2007-2020 that were diagnosed as bacterial bronchopneumonia.
RESULTS
Most of the postmortem cases of bacterial bronchopneumonia in dairy cows were submitted from November to February (54% of cases). was isolated from lung of 61/101 cases. Viruses were only identified in 8/55 cases tested. A minority (29/92) of bacterial isolates had resistance to antimicrobials used to treat pneumonia. Frequently suggested predisposing factors included recent introductions or movement of animals, recent or imminent calving, inclement weather, concurrent diseases, and poor ventilation in barns.
CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
This study describes seasonal and annual trends, major pathogens, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and suggested predisposing factors in Ontario dairy cows submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for postmortem investigation of pneumonia and provides insights for understanding why outbreaks occur.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bronchopneumonia; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Mannheimia haemolytica; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35919462
DOI: No ID Found -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2009
Comparative Study
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Pneumonia, Bacterial
PubMed: 19571444
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2283 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Dec 2018
Topics: Animals; Birds; History, 20th Century; Humans; Influenza A virus; Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919; Influenza in Birds; Influenza, Human; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Bacterial; United States; Zoonoses
PubMed: 30575465
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1814447 -
Pediatrics and Neonatology Dec 2014"Round pneumonia" or "spherical pneumonia" is a well-characterized clinical entity that seems to be less addressed by pediatricians in Taiwan. We herein report the case...
"Round pneumonia" or "spherical pneumonia" is a well-characterized clinical entity that seems to be less addressed by pediatricians in Taiwan. We herein report the case of a 7-year-old boy who presented with prolonged fever, cough, and chest X-rays showing a well-demarcated round mass measuring 5.9 × 5.6 × 4.3 cm in the left lower lung field, findings which were typical for round pneumonia. The urinary pneumococcal antigen test was positive, and serum anti-Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibody titer measurement using a microparticle agglutination method was 1:160 (+). After oral administration of antibiotics including azithromycin and amoxicillin/clavulanate, which was subsequently replaced by ceftibuten due to moderate diarrhea, the fever subsided 2 days later and the round patch had completely resolved on the 18th day after the diagnosis. Recent evidence suggests treating classical round pneumonia with antibiotics first and waiving unwarranted advanced imaging studies, while alternative etiologies such as abscesses, tuberculosis, nonbacterial infections, congenital malformations, or neoplasms should still be considered in patients with atypical features or poor treatment response.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Child; Humans; Male; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Taiwan
PubMed: 23597522
DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.01.014 -
International Journal of Infectious... Aug 2011Traditionally, pneumonia developing in patients who receive healthcare services in the outpatient environment has been classified as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Traditionally, pneumonia developing in patients who receive healthcare services in the outpatient environment has been classified as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, recent investigations suggest that this type of infection, known as healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP), is distinct from CAP in terms of its epidemiology, etiology, and risk for infection with multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens.
METHODS
A Medline literature review of available clinical studies using the term HCAP was conducted to determine outcomes compared to CAP and effective empiric treatment strategies.
RESULTS
Analysis of multi-institutional clinical data showed that mortality in hospitalized patients with HCAP is greater than that in CAP, and patients with HCAP received inappropriate initial empiric antibiotic treatment more frequently than CAP patients. The bacterial pathogens associated with HCAP also differed from CAP with potentially MDR Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria being more common in HCAP.
CONCLUSIONS
All patients hospitalized with suspected HCAP should be evaluated for their underlying risk of infection with MDR pathogens. Because HCAP is similar to hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), both clinically and etiologically, it should be treated as HAP until culture data become available.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross Infection; Delivery of Health Care; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Hospitals; Humans; Long-Term Care; Odds Ratio; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Renal Dialysis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 21616695
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.04.005 -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Dec 2004The seriousness of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), despite being a reasonably common and potentially lethal disease, often is under estimated by physicians and... (Review)
Review
The seriousness of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), despite being a reasonably common and potentially lethal disease, often is under estimated by physicians and patients alike. CAP results in more than 10 million visits to physicians, 64 million days of restricted activity, and 600,000 hospitalizations. This article discusses the epidemiology and bacterial causes of CAP in immunocompetent adults and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Bacteria; Community-Acquired Infections; Humans; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Risk Factors; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
PubMed: 15555823
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2004.08.003 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Jun 2022Lefamulin, a pleuromutilin antibiotic approved for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP), was evaluated for microbiological efficacy in a prespecified pooled...
Pooled microbiological findings and efficacy outcomes by pathogen in adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia from the Lefamulin Evaluation Against Pneumonia (LEAP) 1 and LEAP 2 phase 3 trials of lefamulin versus moxifloxacin.
OBJECTIVES
Lefamulin, a pleuromutilin antibiotic approved for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP), was evaluated for microbiological efficacy in a prespecified pooled analysis of LEAP 1 and 2 phase 3 clinical trial data in patients with CABP.
METHODS
In LEAP 1, adults (PORT risk class III‒V) received intravenous (IV) lefamulin 150 mg every 12 h (q12h) for 5‒7 days or moxifloxacin 400 mg every 24 h (q24h) for 7 days, with optional IV-to-oral switch. In LEAP 2, adults (PORT II‒IV) received oral lefamulin 600 mg q12h for 5 days or moxifloxacin 400 mg q24h for 7 days. Primary outcomes were early clinical response (ECR) at 96 ± 24 h after treatment start and investigator assessment of clinical response (IACR) 5‒10 days after the last dose. Secondary outcomes included ECR and IACR in patients with a baseline CABP pathogen (detected via culture, urinary antigen testing, serology and/or real-time PCR).
RESULTS
Baseline CABP pathogens were detected in 709/1289 patients (55.0%; microbiological intention-to-treat population). The most frequently identified pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae (61.9% of patients) and Haemophilus influenzae (29.9%); 25.1% had atypical pathogens and 33.1% had polymicrobial infections. Pathogens were identified most frequently by PCR from sputum, followed by culture from respiratory specimens. In patients with baseline CABP pathogens, ECR rates were 89.3% (lefamulin) and 93.0% (moxifloxacin); IACR success rates were 83.2% and 86.7%, respectively. Results were consistent across CABP pathogens, including drug-resistant isolates and polymicrobial infections.
CONCLUSION
Lefamulin is a valuable IV and oral monotherapy option for empirical and directed CABP treatment in adults.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Coinfection; Community-Acquired Infections; Diterpenes; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moxifloxacin; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Polycyclic Compounds; Thioglycolates
PubMed: 34788694
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.10.021